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Research Article
Production and Characterization of New Surfactant Formulated from Thevetia Peruviana Seed Oil for Use in Enhanced Oil Recovery
Ihekoronye Kingsley Kelechi,
Sulaiman Ibrahim Dodo,
Adamu Mohammed Bello,
Usman Hassan
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 1, June 2024
Pages:
1-6
Received:
12 September 2023
Accepted:
13 December 2023
Published:
18 January 2024
Abstract: Surfactant flooding is one of the various methods used in the oil and gas industry to improve oil recovery from the hydrocarbon reservoir. It involves the injection of surfactants which are chemicals to displace residual oil in the reservoir by reducing the interfacial tension between the displacing and displaced fluids thereby maximizing oil production. Surfactant is a surface-active agent that aids to improve oil recovery via changing the rock properties from oil-wet to water-wet. Synthetic surfactant is mostly used chemical enhanced oil recovery method but its vulnerability to high temperature and salinity reservoir pose a challenge to its application. In this study, Thevetia Peruviana oil was used as a precursor for surfactant formulation via saponification reaction. Soxhlet extraction technique was used to extract the oil from the seeds. Physicochemical properties of the extracted oil were investigated. Characterization using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) was carried out on the formulated surfactant to determine the functional groups. The results of this study showed that the Thevetia Peruviana seed have percentage of oil yield (61.3%), saponification value (218.79mg/100g), acid value (28.05mg/g), free fatty acid (14.03 mg/L), iodine value (9.39mg/L), specific gravity (0.90 g/cm3) and pH (4.04). The FTIR test results on the formulated surfactant showed the presence of the hydroxyl (OH) and carboxyl (COOH) functional groups. This indicate that the surfactant is anionic and have hydrophilic behavior which will be effective for use in enhanced oil recovery.
Abstract: Surfactant flooding is one of the various methods used in the oil and gas industry to improve oil recovery from the hydrocarbon reservoir. It involves the injection of surfactants which are chemicals to displace residual oil in the reservoir by reducing the interfacial tension between the displacing and displaced fluids thereby maximizing oil produ...
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Research Article
Two-dimensional Numerical Analysis of Waves at Interface of Laminar Core-annular Flow in Vertical Pipe: Detailed Investigation of Influence of Several Physical Parameters
Gijsbert Ooms*,
Mathieu Pourquie
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 1, June 2024
Pages:
7-15
Received:
22 December 2023
Accepted:
3 January 2024
Published:
24 January 2024
Abstract: In this study, a two-dimensional numerical analysis is made of the waves at the interface between the core and the annulus of a laminar core-annular flow in a vertical pipe. The Reynolds number did not exceed 600. The volume-of-fluid method in the interFoam solver from the OpenFOAM software package (version 2.1) was used. This solver employs finite volume discretization, and cell face interpolated variables play a major role in the solution algorithm. The influences on the waves of the pressure drop along the pipe, the buoyancy due to the density difference between the core liquid and annular liquid, the thickness of the annular layer, the viscosity of the core liquid, and the pipe length were considered. The surface tension at the interface in relation to several of these factors was also considered. In addition, theoretical and experimental results of previous studies were compared with our numerical results. Novel results were obtained that indicated the effects of the surface tension, pipe length, and thickness of the annular layer on the waves in laminar core-annular flow. Possible fouling of the pipe wall by the core liquid was also considered. The study and practical application of core-annular flow were found to be possible using numerical analysis.
Abstract: In this study, a two-dimensional numerical analysis is made of the waves at the interface between the core and the annulus of a laminar core-annular flow in a vertical pipe. The Reynolds number did not exceed 600. The volume-of-fluid method in the interFoam solver from the OpenFOAM software package (version 2.1) was used. This solver employs finite...
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Research Article
Experimental Investigation of the Suitability of Afzelia africana and Colocasian esculenta as Alternative to Hydroxyethyl cellulose in Enhanced Oil Recovery
Daraojiaku Augustine Ekene*,
Nwachukwu Angela Nkechi,
Okereke Ndubuisi Uchechukwu,
Ihekoronye Kingsley Kelechi,
Uwaezuoke Nnaemeka
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 1, June 2024
Pages:
16-26
Received:
8 January 2024
Accepted:
24 January 2024
Published:
29 February 2024
Abstract: Polymer flooding is a chemical enhanced oil recovery where polymer is injected into the reservoir to recover oil that remained in the reservoir after the primary and secondary recovery mechanisms, improves oil recovery by reducing the water mobility ratio and increases the viscosity of the displacing fluids for sweep displacement efficiency of the reservoir. Synthetic polymers are widely used chemical enhanced oil recovery. However, there is a big concern about the high cost of these polymers which can result to high cost of oil production and environmental concerns due to the toxic nature of these polymers. Hence, there is need to source for local polymers that can be environmentally friendly, less expensive and can serve as a mobility control agent in enhanced oil recovery. In this study, experimental analysis was carried out to improve hydrocarbon productivity using local polymers such as Afzelia Africana, Colocasian esculenta and compared with synthetic polymer Hydroxyethyl cellulose. Characterization (FTIR and SEM) of these polymers were carried out to determine the functional groups and the morphology. Rheological behavior of these polymers was investigated. Core-flooding experiment was conducted on the local polymers and the synthetic polymer to examine the potential of these polymers in enhanced oil recovery. The results of the study showed that the samples contained hydroxyl group (OH), carboxyl group (COOH), and amine (NH3) based on the functional groups. The scanning electron microscopy test showed that the samples are mesoporous and crystalline in nature. The rheology test results showed that the samples exhibit shear thinning behavior and a non-Newtonian fluid. The core-flooding experiment showed that Afzelia Africana had oil recovery of 8.4%, 14.4% and 17.6%. More so, Colocasian esculenta had oil recovery of 6.8%, 14.0% and 17.2% while the synthetic polymer had oil recovery of 9.6%, 14.8% and 19.2% for different polymer concentrations of 0.2wt%, 0.3wt% and 0.4wt% respectively. The results from this study showed that the local polymers compared favorably with the synthetic polymer in enhanced oil recovery.
Abstract: Polymer flooding is a chemical enhanced oil recovery where polymer is injected into the reservoir to recover oil that remained in the reservoir after the primary and secondary recovery mechanisms, improves oil recovery by reducing the water mobility ratio and increases the viscosity of the displacing fluids for sweep displacement efficiency of the ...
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Research Article
Predicting Ghana’s Daily Natural Gas Consumption Using Time Series Models
Eric Broni-Bediako*,
Albert Buabeng,
Philip Allotey
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 1, June 2024
Pages:
27-37
Received:
13 January 2024
Accepted:
25 January 2024
Published:
7 March 2024
Abstract: In recent years, natural gas utilisation has seen a considerable increase because, it presents an alternative energy source that is reliable, economical and environmentally friendly for consumers. In Ghana, natural gas consumption has over the years increased due to mainly the rise in industrial and residential demands. Accurate prediction of natural gas consumption will provide stakeholders with vital information needed for planning and making informed policy decisions. This paper explores the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) to predict Ghana's daily natural gas consumption. The data employed for the study is daily natural gas consumption in Ghana from 2020 to 2022. The results show that both ARIMA and SARIMA models can predict the consumption of natural gas in Ghana with a good degree of accuracy. The SARIMA model slightly outperforms the ARIMA model, with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 22.25 and a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 6.96%, compared to an RMSE of 23.27 and a MAPE of 7.29% for the ARIMA model. The model forecast suggests a steady natural gas consumption in Ghana but with some intermittent fluctuations.
Abstract: In recent years, natural gas utilisation has seen a considerable increase because, it presents an alternative energy source that is reliable, economical and environmentally friendly for consumers. In Ghana, natural gas consumption has over the years increased due to mainly the rise in industrial and residential demands. Accurate prediction of natur...
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Research Article
Comparing the Properties of Well Logs to Seismic Amplitude Analysis to Characterize the Reservoir of the KD Oilfield in Niger Delta, Nigeria
Elvis Ogede Adimie*
,
Indighe Macdonald
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 1, June 2024
Pages:
38-46
Received:
17 March 2024
Accepted:
2 April 2024
Published:
17 April 2024
Abstract: Well logs and data are integrated in most reservoir exploration to provide a reservoir description, the depth and width of the holding subsurface structure are two reservoir parameters that must be understood in order to quantify viable hydrocarbon reservoirs, these metrics are important because they offer suitable contributions for measuring reservoir volume, the objective is to cross-plot well logs with seismic amplitude to provide reservoir characteristics, map reservoir pay zones and determine reservoir depth and thickness, the method applied in this research were collection of set of data consisting of ten wells information cutting across the Agbada formation and 3D post-stack seismic data acquired from the Niger Delta, set of well log suites and software (Word, Excel and Petrel 2014 version) used for analysis, the result analyzed after various cross plots comparing the amplitudes with well logs reveals several trends were discovered, this indicates that higher amplitudes correspond to higher concentrations of hydrocarbons or water based on peak amplitude versus neutron log cross-plot for well KR-1. This study examines the relationship between well logs and amplitude peaks with troughs, as well as potential changes in log signal resulting from variations in seismic amplitude when assessing reservoir sand.
Abstract: Well logs and data are integrated in most reservoir exploration to provide a reservoir description, the depth and width of the holding subsurface structure are two reservoir parameters that must be understood in order to quantify viable hydrocarbon reservoirs, these metrics are important because they offer suitable contributions for measuring reser...
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Research Article
Treatment of Produced Water from Niger Delta Oil Fields Using Selected Bio-Adsorbents
Indighe Macdonald,
Elvis Ogede Adimie*
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 1, June 2024
Pages:
47-55
Received:
28 March 2024
Accepted:
15 April 2024
Published:
28 April 2024
Abstract: Produced water (PW) is the vast amount of water produced from subsurface during the extraction of oil and gas. PW contains heavy metals which are detrimental to the environment. The majority of PW treatment technologies, which have been in use for many years, have reportedly failed to bring some impurity and metal concentrations down to permissible disposal levels. This study was done to determine how well three locally available materials which are eggshells, groundnut shells, and sugarcane bagasse used in the treatment of PW obtained from Niger Delta oil fields. The adsorbents were ground, and sieved into sizes of 425 and 1180 microns. They were treated individually with diluted nitric acid (400mL of 0.4mol/ LHNO3) for 24 hours to remove pigments. They were filtered, dried, and rinsed with distilled water until the pH became neutral. PW samples were analysed for heavy metals using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The PW samples were treated with the bio-adsorbents in a batch technique. The metals analysed were As, Cu, Pb and Fe. The bioadsorbents were able to reduce the concentration of the metals to 87%, 91%, 100% and 88% respectively. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used to analyse the adsorption system. It was observed that the finer the adsorbents the better the adsorption result. 425 microns was able to produce a better result compared with 1180 microns.
Abstract: Produced water (PW) is the vast amount of water produced from subsurface during the extraction of oil and gas. PW contains heavy metals which are detrimental to the environment. The majority of PW treatment technologies, which have been in use for many years, have reportedly failed to bring some impurity and metal concentrations down to permissible...
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Research Article
Effective Gravel Pack Technique for Well Completion
Indighe Macdonald,
Elvis Ogede Adimie*
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 1, June 2024
Pages:
56-62
Received:
20 April 2024
Accepted:
6 May 2024
Published:
17 May 2024
Abstract: Sand production occurs when oil and gas is produced alongside reservoir formations at some point in the productive lifecycle of a well, understanding why reservoir produces sand is a crucial step towards managing sand production, the objective of this research is to improve the quality of produced fluid (oil/gas) for easy separation, the study method of this research work was basically a laboratory based sieve analysis of formation sand of a well in consideration, this is designed to achieve the most effective gravel pack grain size to be used, from the result analyzed with careful interpretations as presented, the Niger Delta Well-X formation comprise grain sizes of 0.0788” – 0.0025” range as captured from the available set of sieves used, the concentration of percentage retain falls within grain size 0.0197” – 0.007 1” with 0.0197” having about 41.4% retain by weight with the total grain weight of 737grams to stand at 305grams, while grain size 0.0118” had a percentage retained of 25.5% having a weight of 188grams and 0.0071” had a percentage retain of 12.9% with a weight of 95% respectively, keeping all other size to be 20.1%, for the sorting, 9.4 was calculated from the analysis of this research which makes the gravel pack to be well sorted. Therefore, permeability and plugging challenges are not a problem. The range of gravel size recommended for the gravel pack was kept at a minimum of 0.0727” and a maximum of 0.1639”. A screen size of 55 gauges was calculated to enable effective gravel pack placement operation, which is practical solution to sand production for the well investigated if properly managed.
Abstract: Sand production occurs when oil and gas is produced alongside reservoir formations at some point in the productive lifecycle of a well, understanding why reservoir produces sand is a crucial step towards managing sand production, the objective of this research is to improve the quality of produced fluid (oil/gas) for easy separation, the study meth...
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