-
A Geological Classification for the Rocks of Weathering
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 1, June 2018
Pages:
1-6
Received:
8 March 2018
Accepted:
24 March 2018
Published:
18 April 2018
Abstract: The weathering constitutes a geological process of extraordinary importance, whose knowledge and utilization pertains to various spheres of the man's life, the animals and plants, as well it is used as substratum to several natural and applied technical sciences, such like geological engineering and constructions, mining and metallurgy, edaphology and pedology, climatology and geography, etc. The geological bodies that it generates: the mantles of weathering and soils, they are basis to life and offer end-rest: the cemeteries. Regardless of its diverse and ancient utilization, to the present does not exist an international agreement on the lexicon utilized for weathering, its taxonomy and nomenclature, which are the more diverse and prolific being an obstacle for computerization, the understanding and utilization of published and inedited literatures, as well as the relations of communication and working among specialists and other users of this science. Therefore, it becomes of urgency to achieve advances in the creation of an accepted worldwide lexicon of universal character for the weathering, and that it became part of the system of classification of rocks. With such motive, the author presents a lexicographical version for the rocks of weathering created in the base of the study and generalization of various classifications and lexicons more used in Cuba and in the rest of the world.
Abstract: The weathering constitutes a geological process of extraordinary importance, whose knowledge and utilization pertains to various spheres of the man's life, the animals and plants, as well it is used as substratum to several natural and applied technical sciences, such like geological engineering and constructions, mining and metallurgy, edaphology ...
Show More
-
Biodiesel Production from Ceiba pentandra Seed Oil Using CaO Derived from Snail Shell as Catalyst
Chika Muhammad,
Zaliha Usman,
Francis Agada
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 1, June 2018
Pages:
7-16
Received:
20 March 2018
Accepted:
30 March 2018
Published:
7 May 2018
Abstract: Due to the environmental problems caused by the use of fossil fuels, considerable attention has been given to biodiesel production as an alternative to petrol diesel. Biodiesel is ecofriendly, alternative diesel fuel prepared from domestic renewable sources that is, from vegetable oils and animal fats. It is a renewable source of energy which seems to be an ideal solution for global energy demand. In this study, the biodiesel production from kapok (Ceiba pentandra) seed oil with methanol has been considered in the presence of catalyst that is, CaO derived from snail shell. Optimum yield conditions were determined experimentally by changing certain parameters such as reaction time and temperature, at the end of the experiment, the maximum yield of 56.7 % was obtained at 60°C and reaction time of 60 minutes. The physicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel were determined by ASTM procedures and were found to be comparable to ASTM standards for diesel fuel except for acid value which was above the recommended standard. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) demonstrated the presence of hydrocarbons.
Abstract: Due to the environmental problems caused by the use of fossil fuels, considerable attention has been given to biodiesel production as an alternative to petrol diesel. Biodiesel is ecofriendly, alternative diesel fuel prepared from domestic renewable sources that is, from vegetable oils and animal fats. It is a renewable source of energy which seems...
Show More
-
Fe-Al-Pillared Clay Used for Conversion of Toluene Through Catalytic Wet Peroxide Oxidation
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 1, June 2018
Pages:
17-24
Received:
15 March 2018
Accepted:
3 April 2018
Published:
10 May 2018
Abstract: In the present paper, the wet peroxide oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde, which is great industrially important, is studied on solid catalyst. The catalyst (Fel-Al ) pillared bentonite (Fe-Al/B) is successfully prepared by cation exchanging of purified bentonite (B) with mixed hydroxyl-(Al-Fe) pillaring solution made from hydrolysis of corresponding metal salts with OH/M3+ =2.5 (M=Al3+, Fe3+), followed by calcination at 500°C to convert hydroxyl-Al and hydroxyl-Fe into intercalated polycations. Characterization studies are performed by use of chemical composition, XRD, SEM, TEM and analysis of N2 adsorption/desorption. The basal spacing (d001) and specific surface area of samples increased from 15.3 Å and 91.57cm2/g in the B to 19.4 Å and 229.75cm2/g in the Al-Fe/B. The Fe-Al/B clay catalyst has proved to be promising in toluene oxidation with H2O2, selectively forming benzaldehyde under the working conditions. The toluene conversion and the product distribution largely depended on the catalyst and oxidant concentrations and the nature of the solvent. Higher conversion of toluene and greater selectivity for benzaldehyde is obtained with acetinitrile solvent.
Abstract: In the present paper, the wet peroxide oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde, which is great industrially important, is studied on solid catalyst. The catalyst (Fel-Al ) pillared bentonite (Fe-Al/B) is successfully prepared by cation exchanging of purified bentonite (B) with mixed hydroxyl-(Al-Fe) pillaring solution made from hydrolysis of correspo...
Show More
-
Development of Steam Distribution Network Simulation Program for Enhanced Oil Recovery
Ahmed Mahrous Norelden,
Ahmed Safwat Nafey
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 1, June 2018
Pages:
25-32
Received:
23 March 2018
Accepted:
12 April 2018
Published:
14 May 2018
Abstract: Steam injection networks are widely used in processes of Thermal Enhanced Oil Recovery (TEOR). It is desirable to maintain both the quality and flow rate of steam injected into the formation at certain specified values for optimum operation of the steam flood. This requires a surface distribution network designed to deliver uniform-quality steam to all wells. Unfortunately, unequal splitting of the liquid and vapor phases may occur at (tee junction) distribution network therefore Individual wells thus receive non-uniform and unknown distribution of the steam liquid and vapor. Unknown liquid and vapor phase distributions leads to inefficient project management, increased operating expenses and thereby detriment of the wells production. Simulation programs are important tools to monitor and evaluate steam distribution network. The main objective of this thesis is to develop a computer program to evaluate steam quality at well head of oil fields. Based on the Seeger model, a computer program for simulating the behavior of a large steam injection network was developed based on Mat Lab Graphical User Interface (GUI). Using this program a complete picture for the steam distribution network variables such as pressure, temperature and steam quality can be determined.
Abstract: Steam injection networks are widely used in processes of Thermal Enhanced Oil Recovery (TEOR). It is desirable to maintain both the quality and flow rate of steam injected into the formation at certain specified values for optimum operation of the steam flood. This requires a surface distribution network designed to deliver uniform-quality steam to...
Show More
-
A Patent of a Real Model of Hurricane and Way to Prevent It
Ali Algaddafi,
Siham Hasan,
Rema Farhat
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 1, June 2018
Pages:
33-36
Received:
24 March 2018
Accepted:
15 April 2018
Published:
17 May 2018
Abstract: The scientists believe that rising sea level and increasing average temperatures are the main reasons to further expanding the destructions by the hurricane. However, the natural disasters become serve dangerous for human and the land. Therefore, this paper will focus on modelling hurricanes in order to carry out the experimentation in the laboratory. The model hurricanes could be presented as a small machine that has a motor to control the wind speed. But this model requires verification in real life. Also, the volume of the atmosphere is assumed to be fixed. This may not be true as the volume of the atmosphere is unknown so far. The outcomes are that the hurricanes will be a possible modelled and the generate of electricity from the wind of hurricanes could be a fact in future.
Abstract: The scientists believe that rising sea level and increasing average temperatures are the main reasons to further expanding the destructions by the hurricane. However, the natural disasters become serve dangerous for human and the land. Therefore, this paper will focus on modelling hurricanes in order to carry out the experimentation in the laborato...
Show More
-
Biocidal Activities of a New Type of Polysaccharide (Extract from Egyptian Aloe Vera)-Based Cationic Schiff Bases Surfactant and Their Metal Complexes
Mostafa E. Hendawy,
Mohammed F. Zaky,
Abdelfattah M. Badawi,
Ibrahim A. Sabbah
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 1, June 2018
Pages:
37-43
Received:
1 April 2018
Accepted:
19 April 2018
Published:
19 May 2018
Abstract: Five series of cationic polysaccharide Schiff bases surfactant [AQ10-18] were synthesized by the reaction between different five Schiff bases (which prepared by condensation of fatty amine namely: decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl and octadecyl amine and 4-pyridine carboxaldehyde) and polysaccharide sulfate as quaternizing agent. Also, their complexes with different transition metals including Ni2+, Co2+, Cu2+ and Fe3+ were synthesized. The chemical structures of these surfactants were confirmed using elemental analysis, FTIR spectra, UV spectra, 1H-NMR and atomic absorption spectroscopy. The studied surfactants were evaluated as antimicrobial agents against pathogenic and sulfate reducing bacteria using inhibition zone diameters. The synthesized cationic polysaccharide Schiff bases surfactant showed good antimicrobial activities against the tested microorganisms including Gram positive, Gram negative, yeast and fungi. The effect of the structure of these cationic surfactants and their metal complexes of Ni2+, Co2+, Cu2+ and Fe3+ on the cell membrane is discussed as well as their potent action on the targeted bacteria, yeast and fungi.
Abstract: Five series of cationic polysaccharide Schiff bases surfactant [AQ10-18] were synthesized by the reaction between different five Schiff bases (which prepared by condensation of fatty amine namely: decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl and octadecyl amine and 4-pyridine carboxaldehyde) and polysaccharide sulfate as quaternizing agent. Also, their co...
Show More
-
Biofuels as the Starring Substitute to Fossil Fuels
Usman Lawan Muhammad,
Ibrahim Muhammad Shamsuddin,
Abdurrahman Danjuma,
Rabi’u Sulaiman Musawa,
Umar Hafsat Dembo
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 1, June 2018
Pages:
44-49
Received:
1 April 2018
Accepted:
23 April 2018
Published:
24 May 2018
Abstract: Energy is a vital infrastructure for economic development. Energy plays a vital role in human welfare as all important economic activities of present development are dependent on the use of energy. As on today, fossil fuels are still the main primary source of energy in the world. However, the use of these fossil fuels causes harm to the environment and the demand of energy is ever increasing at a faster rate due to increasing trend of modernization, industrialization, economic development and population growth. This increasing energy demand leads to energy (fuel) Crisis and rise in the price of petroleum thereby causing economic catastrophe. Most of all, Fossil fuels are non-renewable energy sources of energy, the total recoverable world reserves of the main fossil fuels are rapidly depleting at an alarming rate, as such, fossil fuels will surely be exhausted in not too distance future.
Abstract: Energy is a vital infrastructure for economic development. Energy plays a vital role in human welfare as all important economic activities of present development are dependent on the use of energy. As on today, fossil fuels are still the main primary source of energy in the world. However, the use of these fossil fuels causes harm to the environmen...
Show More
